grammar chart · French

French verb conjugation: the endings of the main tenses in one chart

A French verb changes its ending for each person, and the endings change with the tense. The first table puts them side by side: the present of the three verb types, then the imparfait, the future and the conditional, whose endings are the same for every verb, and the subjunctive, whose endings fit every verb except être and avoir. Below it, parler, finir and vendre are conjugated in each of these tenses and in the passé composé.

The endings of the main tenses

Under each ending is the form of parler, finir or vendre that has it.

French verb endings: present, imparfait, future, conditional, subjunctive
PersonPresent -er parlerPresent -ir (-iss-) finirPresent -re vendreImparfait parlerFuture parlerConditional parlerSubjunctive parler
je-e parle-is finis-s vends-ais parlais-ai parlerai-ais parlerais-e parle
tu-es parles-is finis-s vends-ais parlais-as parleras-ais parlerais-es parles
il / elle / on-e parle-it finitno ending vend-ait parlait-a parlera-ait parlerait-e parle
nous-ons parlons-issons finissons-ons vendons-ions parlions-ons parlerons-ions parlerions-ions parlions
vous-ez parlez-issez finissez-ez vendez-iez parliez-ez parlerez-iez parleriez-iez parliez
ils / elles-ent parlent-issent finissent-ent vendent-aient parlaient-ont parleront-aient parleraient-ent parlent
French grammar. French verb endings: present, imparfait, future, conditional, subjunctive — parle, finis, vends, parlais, …
French verb endings: present, imparfait, future, conditional, subjunctive

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parler (to speak): an -er verb

parler: the main tenses
PersonPresent présentImperfect imparfaitFuture futur simpleConditional conditionnelSubjunctive subjonctifCompound past passé composé
je (j')parleparlaisparleraiparleraisparleai parlé
tuparlesparlaisparlerasparleraisparlesas parlé
il / elle / onparleparlaitparleraparleraitparlea parlé
nousparlonsparlionsparleronsparlerionsparlionsavons parlé
vousparlezparliezparlerezparleriezparliezavez parlé
ils / ellesparlentparlaientparlerontparleraientparlentont parlé
French grammar. parler: the main tenses — parle, parlais, parlerai, parlerais, ai parlé, parles, parleras, as parlé, …
parler: the main tenses

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-er verbs: drop -er, add -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent

The largest, fully regular group: drop -er and add -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. The three singular forms and the 3pl are pronounced identically; only spelling and -ons/-ez differ audibly.

  • je parle, tu parles, il parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent — to speak — present

finir (to finish): an -ir verb with -iss-

finir: the main tenses
PersonPresent présentImperfect imparfaitFuture futur simpleConditional conditionnelSubjunctive subjonctifCompound past passé composé
je (j')finisfinissaisfiniraifiniraisfinisseai fini
tufinisfinissaisfinirasfiniraisfinissesas fini
il / elle / onfinitfinissaitfinirafiniraitfinissea fini
nousfinissonsfinissionsfinironsfinirionsfinissionsavons fini
vousfinissezfinissiezfinirezfiniriezfinissiezavez fini
ils / ellesfinissentfinissaientfinirontfiniraientfinissentont fini
French grammar. finir: the main tenses — finis, finissais, finirai, finirais, finisse, ai fini, finiras, finisses, as fini, …
finir: the main tenses

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-ir verbs like finir: -iss- in the plural

The -iss- group: stem + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. The -iss- infix appears throughout the plural and marks this class off from short -ir verbs like partir/dormir.

  • je finis, tu finis, il finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils finissent — to finish — present

vendre (to sell): an -re verb

vendre: the main tenses
PersonPresent présentImperfect imparfaitFuture futur simpleConditional conditionnelSubjunctive subjonctifCompound past passé composé
je (j')vendsvendaisvendraivendraisvendeai vendu
tuvendsvendaisvendrasvendraisvendesas vendu
il / elle / onvendvendaitvendravendraitvendea vendu
nousvendonsvendionsvendronsvendrionsvendionsavons vendu
vousvendezvendiezvendrezvendriezvendiezavez vendu
ils / ellesvendentvendaientvendrontvendraientvendentont vendu
French grammar. vendre: the main tenses — vends, vendais, vendrai, vendrais, vende, ai vendu, vendras, vendes, as vendu, …
vendre: the main tenses

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-re verbs like vendre: no ending in il vend

Drop -re and add -s, -s, -(nothing), -ons, -ez, -ent. The 3sg has a bare stem (il vend), and the -d is silent, so 1/2/3 singular sound alike.

  • je vends, tu vends, il vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils vendent — to sell — present

Irregular verbs: the forms to learn

The verbs used most are irregular. For each: the present with je, nous and ils, the future, the passé composé and the subjunctive — the forms that show its stems.

Ten irregular verbs in the present: je, nous, ils
VerbPresent jePresent nousPresent ils
être to beje suisnous sommesils sont
avoir to havej'ainous avonsils ont
aller to goje vaisnous allonsils vont
faire to do, to makeje faisnous faisonsils font
venir to comeje viensnous venonsils viennent
prendre to takeje prendsnous prenonsils prennent
pouvoir can, to be ableje peuxnous pouvonsils peuvent
vouloir to wantje veuxnous voulonsils veulent
devoir must, to have toje doisnous devonsils doivent
savoir to know (how)je saisnous savonsils savent
Ten irregular verbs: future, passé composé, subjunctive
VerbFuture jeCompound past jeSubjunctive que je
être to beje seraij'ai étéque je sois
avoir to havej'auraij'ai euque j'aie
aller to goj'iraije suis allé(e)que j'aille
faire to do, to makeje feraij'ai faitque je fasse
venir to comeje viendraije suis venu(e)que je vienne
prendre to takeje prendraij'ai prisque je prenne
pouvoir can, to be ableje pourraij'ai puque je puisse
vouloir to wantje voudraij'ai vouluque je veuille
devoir must, to have toje devraij'ai dûque je doive
savoir to know (how)je sauraij'ai suque je sache

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questions

What are the three groups of French verbs?

Regular -er verbs (parler), by far the largest group; regular -ir verbs that take -iss- in the plural (finir → nous finissons); and the third group: -re verbs like vendre, -ir verbs without -iss- like partir, and the irregular verbs.

Which French tenses have the same endings for every verb?

The imparfait (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient), the future (-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont) and the conditional, which puts the imparfait endings on the future stem. The subjunctive endings -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent fit every verb except être and avoir.

How is the passé composé formed?

With the present of avoir — or of être for some verbs of movement and change of state (aller, naître) and for every reflexive verb — and the past participle: j'ai parlé, j'ai fini, j'ai vendu, je suis allé(e), je me suis levé(e).